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Dr. Daniel Hale Williams
(1856-1931)
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Williams was born in Pennsylvania and
attended medical school in Chicago, where he received his M.D. in 1883. He
founded the Provident Hospital in Chicago in 1891, and he performed the first
successful open heart surgery in 1893.
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George Washington Carver
(1865?-1943)
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Born into slavery in Missouri, Carver later
earned degrees from Iowa Agricultural College. The director of agricultural
research at the Tuskegee Institute from 1896 until his death, Carver developed
hundreds of applications for farm products important to the economy of the
South, including the peanut, sweet potato, soybean, and pecan.
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Charles Henry Turner
(1867-1923)
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A native of Cincinnati, Ohio, Turner received
a B.S. (1891) and M.S. (1892) from the University of Cincinnati and a Ph.D.
(1907) from the University of Chicago. A noted authority on the behavior of
insects, he was the first researcher to prove that insects can hear.
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Ernest Everett Just
(1883-1941)
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Originally from Charleston, South Carolina,
Just attended Dartmouth College and the University of Chicago, where he
earned a Ph.D. in zoology in 1916. Just's work on cell biology took him to
marine laboratories in the U.S. and Europe and led him to publish more than
50 papers.
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Archibald Alexander
(1888-1958)
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Iowa-born Alexander attended Iowa State
University and earned a civil engineering degree in 1912. While working for
an engineering firm, he designed the Tidal Basin Bridge in Washington, D.C.
Later he formed his own company, designing Whitehurst Freeway in Washington,
D.C. and an airfield in Tuskegee, Alabama, among other projects.
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Roger Arliner Young
(1889-1964)
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Ms. Young was born in Virginia and attended
Howard University, University of Chicago, and University of Pennsylvania, where
she earned a Ph.D. in zoology in 1940. Working with her mentor, Ernest E.
Just, she published a number of important studies.
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Percy L. Julian
(1899-1975)
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Alabama-born Julian held a bachelor's degree
from DePauw University, a master's degree from Harvard University, and a
Ph.D. from the University of Vienna. His most famous achievement is his
synthesis of cortisone, which is used to treat arthritis and other
inflammatory diseases.
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Dr. Charles Richard Drew
(1904-1950)
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Born in Washington, D.C., Drew earned
advanced degrees in medicine and surgery from McGill University in Montreal,
Quebec, in 1933 and from Columbia University in 1940. He is particularly
noted for his research in blood plasma and for setting up the first blood
bank.
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Emmett Chappelle
(1925-)
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Born in Phoenix, Arizona, Chappelle earned a
B.S. from the University of California and an M.S. from the University of
Washington. He joined NASA in 1977 as a remote sensing scientist. Among
Chappelle's discoveries is a method (developed with Grace Picciolo) of
instantly detecting bacteria in water, which led to the improved diagnoses of
urinary tract infections.
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James West
(b. 1931)
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James West was born in 1931 in Prince Edward
County, Virginia, and studied physics at Temple University. Specializing in
microphones, West went on to author 200 patents and more than 60 technical
and scientific publications. In 1962, with Gerhard Sessler, West developed
the foil electret microphone, which became the industry standard.
Approximately 90% of microphones in use today are based on this invention and
almost all telephones utilize it, as well as tape recorders, camcorders, baby
monitors and hearing aids.
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Philip Emeagwali
(b. 1954)
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Born in Nigeria in 1954, Philip Emeagwali's
determination to succeed grew out of a life of poverty and little formal
education. An expert in mathematics, physics, and astronomy, Emeagwali won
the Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers' Gordon Bell Prize in
1989 for an experiment that used 65,000 processors to perform the world's
fastest computation of 3.1 billion calculations per second. Emeagwali's
computers are currently being used to forecast the weather and predict future
global warming.
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Aprille Ericsson
(b. 1963)
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Born and raised in Brooklyn, N. Y., M.I.T
graduate Aprille Ericsson was the first female (and the first
African-American female) to receive a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from
Howard University and the first African-American female to receive a Ph.D. in
engineering at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Ericsson has won many
awards, including the 1997 "Women in Science and Engineering" award
for the best female engineer in the federal government, and she is currently
the instrument manager for a proposed mission to bring dust from the Martian
lower atmosphere back to Earth.
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Born into a family of free blacks in
Maryland, Banneker learned the rudiments of reading, writing, and arithmetic
from his grandmother and a Quaker schoolmaster. Later he taught himself
advanced mathematics and astronomy. He is best known for publishing an
almanac based on his astronomical calculations.
Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Cole was
the second black woman to graduate from medical school (1867). She joined Dr.
Elizabeth Blackwell, the first white woman physician, in New York and taught
hygiene and childcare to families in poor neighborhoods.
Born in New Haven, Connecticut, Bouchet was
the first African American to graduate (1874) from Yale College. In 1876,
upon receiving his Ph.D. in physics from Yale, he became the first African
American to earn a doctorate. Bouchet spent his career teaching college
chemistry and physics.
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